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Introduction Determination of Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), Toe-Brachial Index (TBI), and Pulse Volume Recording (PVR) is an important aspect of cardiovascular risk assessment. These indices provide valuable information about blood flow…

Vascular Doppler measures the amount of blood flow through arteries and veins using high-frequency sound waves. Such measurements, known as vascular flow studies or blood flow studies, help detect abnormal…

Blood flow assessment during surgery is very crucial. This can be successfully achieved using vascular Doppler. High-frequency sound waves are used to evaluate arterial and venous blood flow, usually in…

Moyamoya disease is a rare blood vessel disorder. It causes the carotid artery in the skull to become narrowed or blocked, restricting blood flow to the brain. To overcome the…